Great Smoky Mountains National Park

 Natural features

Elevations in the park range from 875 to 6,643 feet (250 to 2,000 m) above mean sea level, with the highest point being Clingmans Dome. Within the park a total of sixteen mountains reach higher than 6,000 feet (1829 m).

The wide range of elevations mimics the latitudinal changes found throughout the entire eastern U.S. Indeed, ascending the mountains is comparable to a trip from Tennessee to Canada. Plants and animals common in the Northeast have found suitable ecological niches in the park's higher elevations, while southern species find homes in the balmier lower reaches.

During the most recent ice age, the northeast-to-southwest orientation of the Appalachian mountains allowed species to migrate southward along the slopes rather than finding the mountains to be a barrier. As climate warms, many northern species are now retreating upward along the slopes and withdrawing northward, while southern species are expanding.

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Diverse Biology

The park normally has very high humidity and precipitation, averaging from 55 inches (1,400 mm) per year in the valleys to 85 inches (2,200 mm) per year on the peaks. This is more annual rainfall than anywhere in the United States outside the Pacific Northwest and parts of Alaska. It is also generally cooler than the lower elevations below, and most of the park has a humid continental climate more comparable to locations much farther north, as opposed to the humid subtropical climate in the lowlands. The park is almost 95 percent forested, of which roughly a quarter is old growth with many trees that predate European settlement of the area. It is one of the largest blocks of deciduous, temperate, old growth forest in North America.

The variety of elevations, the abundant rainfall, and the presence of old growth forests give the park an unusual richness of biota. About 10,000 species of plants and animals are known to live in the park, and estimates as high as an additional 90,000 undocumented species may also be present.
Park officials count more than 200 species of birds, 66 species of mammals, 50 species of fish, 39 species of reptiles, and 43 species of amphibians, including many lungless salamanders. The park has a noteworthy black bear population, numbering at least 1,800. An experimental re-introduction of elk (wapiti) into the park began in 2001.

Mammals of the Great Smokies

Mammals include: black bear, whitetail deer, bobcat, red wolf, red and gray foxes, river otter, mink, longtail weasel, beaver, muskrat, raccon, spotted and striped skunks, woodchuck, opossum, eastern and New England cottontails, squirrels (gray, fox, flying and red), eastern chipmonk and European wild bear.

Birds of Great Smoky Mountains NP

Birds include: wood duck, gread blue heron, wild turkey, ruffed grouse, bobwhite, hawks (red-tailed, red-shouldered, and broad-winged), black and turkey vultures owls (barred, sawwhet, screech, and great horned), belted kingfisher, lmourning dove, yellow-billed cuckoo, whip-poor-will, ruby-throated hummingbird, woodpeckers (pilteated, red-bellied, downy, hairy, and red-cockaded), flicker, yellow-bellied sapsucker, eastern kingbird, great crested and Acadian flycatchers, eastern wood pewee, eastern phoebe, chimney swift, barn swallow, crow, raven, blue jay, Carolina and black-capped chikadees, tufted titmouse, white-breasted and red-breasted nuthatches, brown creeper, winter and Carolina wrens, golden-crowned kinglet, brown thrasher, catbid, mockingbird, robin, veery, Swainson's and wood thrushes, viros (solitary, white-eyed, and red-eyed), warblers (yellow-rumped, Canada, black-throated green, black-andwhite, black-throated blue, chestnut-sided, blackburnian, uellow, hooded, northern parula, worm-eating, and yellow-throated), American redstart, yellow-breasted chat, summer and scarlet tanagers, sparrows (white-throated, chipping, field and song), rufous-sided towhee, dark-eyed junco, rose-breasted grosbeak, indigo bunting, cardinal, purple finch, and American goldfinch.

Reptiles and Amphibians

green frog, snakes (copperhead, five-lined, and nothern water), timber rattlesnake, and dozens of salamander species, including Appalachian woodland slimy, pygmy, two-lined, hellbender, longtailed, black-chinned red and red-cheeked.

Plants, Flowers and Trees

Over 100 species of trees grow in the park. The lower region forests are dominated by deciduous leafy trees. At higher altitudes, deciduous forests give way to coniferous trees like Fraser Fir. In addition, the park has over 1,400 flowering plant species and over 4,000 species of non-flowering plants.